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Several years ago, ‘sustainability’ was a single entry on our Fabulous 50 + 1 list. Today, the sector and all it encompasses in global supply chains-product design, corporate stewardship, carbon footprinting, renewable energy, and technology, to name a few-could easily be a stand-alone list. What we’ve witnessed in recent years is nothing short of a dramatic impact on global supply chains in the area of sustainability.
Likewise, technology is the other sector that is driving fast-paced changes in the business world, and it too weighs heavily in this year’s list.
On the ‘human’ side, we’ve included several people whose personal journeys have shaped their professional lives, a few others that are lending creative thinking to supply chains, and one whose sheer dominance in the entertainment and social media world gets our ‘branding genius of the year’ award.
Directly or indirectly, we think this year’s candidates are playing a part in shaping and influencing the ever-evolving global supply chain. – Lara L. Sowinski
Aerodynamics
Engineers and designers are continuing to make trucks more aerodynamic in order to save fuel and increase efficiency. One of the latest inventions is the TrailerTail, developed by Kentucky-based ATDynamics, which boasts a proven ability to save 6.6 percent in fuel costs.
Werner Enterprises is installing TrailerTails, along with aerodynamic trailer skirting, on 130 trucks in their fleet as part of the company’s green transportation initiatives.
All told, there are about one thousand TrailerTails in use by various trucking firms and another 3,500 are on order.
It’s estimated that truckers can save $1,500 a year on fuel costs with the TrailerTail.
Afforestation and Deforestation
Deforestation is contributing nearly 20 percent to the overall greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, more than the world’s vehicles and aircrafts combined. In India, roughly 45 percent of the country’s land is degraded primarily due to deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, mining, and excessive groundwater extraction.
However, more than two-thirds of India’s land can be regenerated.
The government’s National Action Plan on climate change aims to expand forest cover from the current 23 percent to 33 percent of India’s territory, and to reforest 14.8 million acres of degraded forestland.
While the global transportation industry is doing its part to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, efforts to afforest and reforest are critical towards the larger goal of reduced air pollution.
African Continent
The sheer size, diversity, and prospective wealth that Africa represents makes it a magnet for investors and traders who take the time to understand the range of potential markets and economies that comprise this vast continent.
Notwithstanding the geopolitical risk in North Africa that grabbed headlines earlier year, regions like East Africa, with its East African Community trade and economic bloc, which includes the stable and growing economies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi, are attracting substantial amounts of foreign direct investment from Europe, Asia, and increasingly, the U.S.
American Consumers' Behavior
The sheer size, diversity, and prospective wealth that Africa represents makes it a magnet for investors and traders who take the time to understand the range of potential markets and economies that comprise this vast continent.
Notwithstanding the geopolitical risk in North Africa that grabbed headlines earlier year, regions like East Africa, with its East African Community trade and economic bloc, which includes the stable and growing economies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi, are attracting substantial amounts of foreign direct investment from Europe, Asia, and increasingly, the U.S.
August Turak
Jack Welch. Peter Drucker. Warren Buffet. Dale Carnegie. Just a few of the great leaders and thinkers whose influence continues to impact the business community at large.
Although his name may not be as well known, August Turak makes this year’s list for his work in the area of personal and organizational transformation. His experience as the protégé of the man who founded the IBM Executive School combined with 14 years working alongside the Trappist monks of Mepkin Abbey and over 30 years of business experience have resulted in Turak’s belief that profit and selfless service are not incompatible.
His article Business Secrets of the Trappists, published on Forbes.com, topped the charts as Forbes’ most highly rated article
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
The mobile robots known as AGVs are increasing warehouse and plant facility safety and productivity. AGVs are guided by markers or wires in the floor or by using lasers.
Barrett Electronics of Northbrook, Illinois introduced the first AGV in the 1950s. At the time, it operated as a simple tow truck that followed a wire in the floor instead of a rail.
Today, lasers are the primary technology used to guide the AGVs.
Seaports began using AGVs in recent years to help move shipping containers. The Port of Rotterdam alone employs well over 100 AGVs.
Basel III
Last September, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision announced changes to the Basel rules on capital adequacy in response to the global financial crisis.
The new global banking reforms, known as Basel III, will be phased in over the coming years with full implementation set for December 2019.
Trade finance could feel a negative impact from Basel III, though.
Maureen Sullivan, Managing Director, North America Trade Sales Executive, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, told WT100 recently: “We are following Basel III very closely, and we understand the purpose and importance of minimizing systemic risk in the financial system.” However, “Some of the proposed changes for capital, risk, and tenor treatment may have unintended consequences for trade finance,” she cautioned.
Bigger and Bigger Bytes
A “bit” is the smallest unit of data that a computer uses and a “byte” is equal to 8 bits. By now, we’ve grown accustomed to talking about kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. As more information gets packed into the Information Age, we will soon be seeing more computers with one and two terabyte hard drives (a terabyte is approximately one trillion bytes, or 1,000 gigabytes).
A terabyte could hold 1,000 copies of the Encyclopedia Britannica, and ten terabytes could hold the printed collection of the Library of Congress. And, while that’s a lot of data, a petabyte (equal to 1,000 terabytes or one million gigabytes) could hold the same amount of data as 500 million floppy disks. Remember those?
Biomimicry
According to the Northeast Ohio Biomimicry Action Network, “Biomimicry (from bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate) is a design discipline that studies nature’s best ideas and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems. Studying a leaf to invent a better solar cell is an example of this innovation inspired by nature. The core idea is that nature, imaginative by necessity, has already solved many of the problems with which we are grappling.”
Companies, and by extension, their supply chains, are looking to biomimicry for help in developing new products, materials, manufacturing systems, and distribution models.
Some of them include Boeing, General Mills, Hewlett-Packard, Nike, and Procter & Gamble.
Bullet 580 Airship
Cargo Theft
Simply put, cargo theft is happening more frequently and the heists are getting more brazen and expensive.
According to the latest stats from FreightWatch International, cargo theft has increased by 190 percent since the company began tracking incidents in 2006. Furthermore, thieves are becoming more sophisticated in the mode of operation and are also going after more high-value shipments, such as pharmaceuticals and electronics, particularly mobile phones.
Last year’s $75 million heist at an Eli Lilly & Company warehouse in Connecticut was the largest of its kind on record, though chances are the record will eventually be broken.
Connecting the Dots
An exercise and strategy that supply chain executives are finding harder to pursue with 21st century information overload. However, this seemingly trite phrase, when applied, can yield excellent results.
In a business climate that requires increasing amounts of specialization and attention to detail, the ability to connect the dots comes from stepping back far enough to gain a holistic view.
CSA 2010
Now that it’s 2011, let’s scrap the title and call it CSA (and instead of Comprehensive Safety Analysis, the acronym now stands for Compliance Safety Accountability). Even though it’s been a little late getting started, CSA represents the most significant regulatory change to the trucking industry since deregulation.
Transportation experts say the pending regulations could take 5 percent of the nation’s 3 million long-haul truckers off the road-that’s 150,000 unsafe drivers.
In general, the major trucking firms favor the regulation because it will make it harder for unsafe truckers to hop from company to company.
Either way, shippers and carriers both are preparing for a major impact as a result of CSA.
Duke University
Scientists at Duke announced in April that they were developing new cargo scanning technology that could better identify nuclear- and radiological-weapon ingredients by making use of newly discovered atomic “fingerprints.”
The Homeland Security Department’s Domestic Nuclear Detection Office provided a total $4 million in grants to scientists at Duke to continue their work in this area.
Approximately 11 million cargo containers continue to enter the U.S. each year without any significant screening, stated Duke University in a press release.
e-Commerce
As consumers turn to the Internet to make more of their purchases, the global supply chain is under increasing pressure to perform.
“It will entail an integration of multiple freight channels in real time with the warehouse to present many different logistics options to customers,” Brian Hodgson, chief marketing officer at Kewill, told WT100 in March.
The warehouse now figures prominently in the customer’s experience and is key in making sure the right product is delivered at the right time.
Meanwhile, the growth in e-commerce shows no signs of letting up. During the fourth quarter of 2010, e-commerce comprised 20 percent of all deliverable retail sales. At the same time, e-commerce’s share of retail sales has grown by one-third in less than 5 years.
Energy Disasters
Last year’s BP oil spill and the recent near meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant have caused many to reexamine our nation’s energy policy.
Ironically, nuclear power had been receiving more support from environmentalists in recent years, given that coal-powered plants were deemed a bigger threat to the land, air, not to mention the risks associated with coal mining.
While various forms of alternative energy hold great promise, it will take considerable time for the developed world to wean itself from oil (mostly) and develop the infrastructure for renewables.
Nonetheless, these two energy disasters in particular are likely to keep the effort front and center.
ecoATM
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
The FCPA was established in 1977 to punish companies that engage in foreign bribery. In the past several years, enforcement of the act has taken off.
At the end of 2009, 120 investigations were pending-a 40-fold increase from 2002, when there were 3 FCPA investigations.
Meanwhile, the total number of FCPA enforcement actions nearly doubled from 2009 to 2010-from 45 to 76-and big companies like Avery Dennison, Daimler AG, BAE Systems, Avon, UT Starcom, and Lucent Technologies were among those being investigated for violating the FCPA.
In another milestone, in January 2010, the FBI arrested twenty-one people at a Las Vegas trade show in the first-ever FCPA sting operation.
Fisk Johnson
SC Johnson’s CEO H. Fisk Johnson is on a green mission, but he’s got some challenges. During the Fortune: Green conference in April, he explained that SC Johnson had created a concentrated form of Windex that consumers buy in a small pouch, then mix with water at home to get the equivalent of a 32-ounce bottle of Windex.
The company was enthusiastic about the success: saving money on packaging, fewer containers headed to landfills, and a few pennies in savings for the consumer.
And, consumers in the developing world have been sharing in that enthusiasm, but not those in the U.S.
It seems that a few pennies aren’t significant enough in savings and the inconvenience of having to mix the concentrate with water is out of the question (see American Consumers’ Behavior in this list).
Food Modernization Act
Last November, the Senate passed the Food Safety Modernization Act, giving the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the right to order recalls and greater access to companies’ safety records, while also requiring food manufacturers to implement detailed food safety plans.
It stands as the biggest overhaul of the U.S. food safety system in decades and was a direct response to the growing numbers of food borne illness outbreaks in the U.S. over the past several years, including one caused by salmonella-tainted peanut products, which killed at least nine and sickened more than 700.
Equally important, the Food Modernization Act shifts the focus of federal regulators from responding to contamination to preventing it.
Frontier Markets
Frontier markets is an economic term commonly used to describe a subset of emerging markets, specifically, markets that have lower market capitalization and liquidity than the more developed, “traditional” emerging markets.
And despite the inherent risk, frontier markets are forecast to have twice the economic growth rate of emerging markets in the next three to five years, say economists.
As institutional investors and others continue to invest in these countries, the opportunities for infrastructure development, transportation projects, and manufacturing growth in these economies will likewise benefit.
Green Data Centers
Cisco, Facebook, and others are unveiling green data centers that are saving them a bundle. Cisco’s newest facility in Texas features a Unified Fabric that unites storage and data traffic, reducing the number of switches, adapters and cabling required, and therefore power consumption too. Over $1 million was saved in this facility due to this kind of cabling.
In addition, the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) room replaces the hundreds of batteries that are found in older data centers.
Cisco’s data center is cooled by an energy-efficient air-side economizer design, which reduces the need for mechanical chilling by using ambient fresh air when the outside temperature is low enough.
Greensburg, Kansas
Greenwashing
Green is great, but only if it’s sincere, and that applies to consumers and corporations alike. In other words, driving a Prius while living in a McMansion means your sustainability journey has a way to go.
Complicating the matter is the confusion that consumers feel when bombarded with green claims from manufacturers.
A survey of 1,022 Americans conducted by EnviroMedia Social Marketing found that 65 percent wanted a single environmental label, which they believed would give them more confidence that they were buying green.
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
BMW and Walmart are using hydrogen fuel cell forklifts, and now interest is growing from other manufacturing companies and warehouse operators now that the technology has moved from the demonstration phase to the commercialization phase.
A forklift running on a hydrogen fuel cell benefits from rapid refueling, just like a diesel-powered forklift, yet it’s energy efficient and clean burning like a battery-powered lift truck.
In 2016, North America will emerge as the largest market for fuel cells, with 37 percent market share valued at $594 million.
Intermodal Rail
The one-time “transportation mode of last resort” has been on the comeback in recent years, thanks to more reliable service, an efficient double-stacked network, and savvy marketing that promotes the sustainability of intermodal rail over truck.
Mark Yeager, President and COO of Hub Group, told WT100 in January that shippers are starting to develop a real intermodal product as a part of their overall supply chain strategy.
“I think if you talked to 10 shippers, you would find that eight of them would tell you they have a conscious program in place to convert freight from truck to intermodal,” he said.
Moreover, Yeager believes there is more room for conversion, considering that most shippers are not yet at a point where they feel they are using the rails as much as they might.
K&R Insurance
Unfortunately, Kidnap, Ransom and Extortion (KRE or K+R) insurance policies are increasingly common as criminal activities under this umbrella have expanded to include cyber crimes and piracy.
The K&R market boomed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, while recent turmoil in the Middle East and other high-risk countries like Mexico are raising the stress levels at companies operating in those areas.
Just how big the demand is for K+R policies are is anyone’s guess.
“There’s one provision common to all policies-you can’t tell people you bought it,” says Kevin Guillet, head of the Fraud Advisory Practice at insurance brokerage Marsh & McLennan.
Kate Vitasek and Vested Outsourcing
Supply chain expert and University of Tennessee faculty member Kate Vitasek founded the concept of Vested Outsourcing, which uses a business model that promotes collaboration between companies and service providers rather than the conventional outsourcing model that requires purchasing outsourcing services for a fee.
“Together, companies and vendors using the vested approach develop performance-based solutions in which both parties’ interests are aligned, and thus they are vested in each others’ success,” Vitasek explains. “After experiencing how well the vested formula works, companies regard traditional outsourcing as old-school, impersonal and outmoded.”
Lady Gaga
The Queen of Twitter is Lady Gaga with 9.5 million followers, while Justin Bieber is in second place with roughly 500,000 followers.
What if your company, or your brand, had those kinds of numbers? The fact is, social media is evolving fast and it’s a powerful force in the marketing world, and not just in the consumer space, but the B2B space as well.
The challenge for global supply chain executives, of course, is to figure out how to use the medium in their world.
Life Cycle Assessments
In short, a life cycle assessment is a way to “account for and quantify every possible environmental impact of every input and output at every stage of a product’s life cycle-from raw material extraction to use to end of life,” state the authors of The Green to Gold Business Playbook: How to Implement Sustainability Practices for Bottom-Line Results in Every Business Function.
The results can help “fine-tune your understanding of eco-related risks and opportunities, pinpoint specific areas for you to target for improvement, and help you evaluate complex options and trade-offs in product and process design.”
Coca-Cola is credited with conducting the first life cycle assessment in 1969 to assess the relative impacts of glass versus plastic bottles.
Lithium Batteries
In April, the Dubai government released a report identifying lithium batteries as the cause of a fire onboard a United Parcel Service cargo plane that crashed last year and killed both pilots.
The Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) submitted a statement to a Congressional subcommittee shortly after the report came out urging lithium batteries to be fully regulated as hazardous materials.
“While paint and dry ice shipments aboard aircraft are currently regulated as dangerous goods, shipments of lithium batteries are not, despite the aircraft incidents and fires linked to the unsafe shipment of these batteries, and their ability to self-ignite when improperly packaged or mishandled,” said the ALPA’s president, Capt. Lee Moak.
Mobile Tagging
Maybe you’ve seen the little black and white squares embedded in print ads in your favorite magazine? Using a smartphone, consumers can take a picture of the two dimensional barcode with an encoded URL, and be directed to a Web site or other data on their smartphone.
According to WebProNews.com, “Many industries including retail, entertainment, and, primarily, publishing are finding that mobile tagging creates multiple opportunities for engagement. Specifically, mobile tagging is helping businesses drive and measure engagement through actions such as newsletter sign-ups and Facebook and Twitter followers.”
MobiSocial Lab
Last month, a team of computer scientists, graduate students, technology experts, and industry representatives from AVG, Google, Nokia and Sony Ericsson gathered to officially kick off the Stanford Mobile and Social Computing Laboratory, or MobiSocial Lab.
“MobiSocial is working to create a new class of mobile and social computing technology that works in consumers’ interests while enabling all the positive aspects of social media-from e-commerce to closely knit social circles,” reported the Stanford University News Service.
Mobile-social computing combines Web-based social networking with smartphone technology to help people stay in touch anytime, anywhere, with real-time information about people, places, and events.
Rare Earths
When China, the dominant producer of rare earth metals, cut exports by 40 percent last year, global prices soared.
Rare earths are used in a variety of consumer goods and electronics, from high-powered magnets to mobile phone screens-no doubt, rare earths are a hot commodity.
Given that China holds 95 percent of rare earth deposits, the question now is whether the U.S., EU, and Japan will file a World Trade Organization case against China, challenging its export quotas and duties.
Ray Anderson
Ray Anderson, the founder and former CEO of Interface, the world’s largest modular carpet manufacturer, had an epiphany in 1994 that not only radically changed the company’s manufacturing philosophy but helped put sustainability on the map.
Since that Eureka! moment, Interface has cut greenhouse gas emissions by 94 percent, cut fossil fuel consumption by 60 percent, cut waste by 80 percent, and cut water use by 80 percent.
Today, the company is pursuing its Mission Zero goals, while striving to become “the world’s first environmentally restorative company by 2020.”
Reverse Logistics
For years, reverse logistics was more of an after-thought for companies than a competitive advantage. Not any more.
As logistics have become more sophisticated, companies have come to realize that effectively managing reverse logistics can result in improved cash flow and customer satisfaction.
Furthermore, 3PLs such as GENCO ATC have become leaders in recall management, testing and warranty, repair and refurbishment and product liquidation, all of which translate into bottom line benefits for customers.
Slow Steaming
At the height of the global economic crisis, many ocean carriers adopted slow steaming to help reduce fuel consumption and put idle ships in service.
However, the Federal Maritime Commission launched an investigation last February into the effects of slow steaming on the trade, particularly as to its impact on global supply chains and space and container availability.
Recently, Maersk announced that it was going to continue slow steaming and for now it seems any controversy over the practice has died down, although it’s impossible to predict if the tide may turn in the future.
Smartphones and Apps
A recent survey by ARC Advisory Group found that supply chain executives are using their smartphones for a lot more than talking these days.
The top three uses are to scan barcodes (22 percent); take and transmit photos of delivered goods (22 percent); and access social media sites like LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook.
Smartphones are also the No. 1 mobile technology used by supply chain executives (70 percent); followed by computers and cellular networks (54 percent each); and barcode scanners (47 percent).
Super Sized Warehouses
Amazon, Zappos, and other retailers are making the case for super sized warehouses that not only function as huge fulfillment and distribution centers, but boast the most sophisticated material handling equipment, operations, and technology on the planet.
In 2001, online shoe retailer Zappos opened its first warehouse in Shepherdsville, Kentucky with approximately 50,000 square feet of space.
With the addition of a second warehouse in Kentucky five years later, the company’s Fulfillment Center has reached a total of 1 million square feet.
And, they’re not alone. The trend for 1 million plus square-foot warehouses shows no sign of stopping.
Supply Chain Mapping
As global supply chains become more complex and outsourcing to suppliers increases, the need for supply chain mapping has also gained in importance.
The process itself isn’t that complicated. It can be as simple as graphically illustrating the supply chain process or strategy on a piece of paper to show how a company’s product ultimately gets to the end user.
From there, a company can better evaluate and monitor its processes, and fix any areas that need attention.
Many 3PLs are now offering supply chain mapping as part of their suite of services.
Tablets vs. PCs
Analysts say that tablets will soon overtake PCs, and the latest research from Nielsen supports this prediction. Overall, 77 percent of tablet owners report they are using it for actions that they would have previously performed on their laptop or desktop.
What are the top reasons for using tablets? They include: easy to carry/take with you (31 percent); ease of interface/OS (21 percent); while fast start up/off, convenience, and size were also important.
TED
We can all use fresh ideas and inspiration from time to time. One site sure to please is TED-the nonprofit devoted to “Ideas Worth Spreading.”
Although it got its start in 1984 as a conference devoted to Technology, Entertainment, Design (TED), it has expanded in myriad directions.
During the annual TED conferences, in Long Beach/Palm Springs and Edinburgh, the “world’s most fascinating thinkers and doers are challenged to give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes or less.”
The Internet of Things
Sensors and actuators embedded in physical objects-from roads to pacemakers-linked through wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet, is how McKinsey & Company defines the Internet of Things.
For retailers, it means identifying a customer’s buying behavior in real time and responding with dynamic price in order to make a sale. For transportation firms, it means smart roads, smart trucks, and overall cost savings.
The basic concept is “things” talking to each other with minimal human intervention.
The Middle Class
As the middle class grows in emerging economies around the world, multinationals are gearing up to supply first-time consumers and those with an appetite for Western goods.
According to the World Bank, the global middle class is expected to grow from 430 million in 2000 to 1.15 billion in 2030.
Not surprisingly, China and India will account for two-thirds of the expansion, with China contributing 52 percent and India 12 percent.
The flip side of the coin is the added strain that will be placed on global resources and food supplies.
The Nature Conservancy and Dow Chemical Company
In January, the two organizations announced a collaborative partnership designed to help Dow and others recognize, value, and incorporate nature into global business goals, decisions, and strategies.
“This collaboration is designed to help us innovate new approaches to critical world challenges while demonstrating that environmental conservation is not just good for nature-it is good for business,” explained Andrew Liveris, Dow’s chairman and CEO. “Companies that value and integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services into their strategic plans are best positioned for the future by operationalizing sustainability.”
Triple-E Ships
So-called because of their environmental performance, energy efficiency, and economies of scale, these 18,000-TEU giants are being built by South Korea’s Daewoo Shipbuilding with the first ones set for delivery between 2013 and 2015.
Maersk ordered ten of them for $1.9 billion in February and has an option to buy another 20.
Initially, the Triple-E’s will be deployed on the Asia-Europe trade lane as the ports in this lane are the only ones in the world capable of handling the ships.
U.S. Infrastructure
Here’s a sobering statistic: A study by the World Economic Forum finds that the U.S. infrastructure has gotten worse over the past decade, compared to other countries.
In particular, the U.S. now ranks 23rd for overall infrastructure quality-right in between Spain and Chile. Its roads, railways, ports and air-transport infrastructure are all judged mediocre against networks in northern Europe.
Even more worrying is that total public spending on transport and water infrastructure has fallen steadily since the 1960s and now stands at 2.4 percent of GDP. Europe, on the other hand, invests 5 percent of GDP in its infrastructure, while China is outpacing most everyone at 9 percent.
UNCTAD
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has been a reliable source of business intelligence, in-depth reports, and industry trends since it was established in 1964.
Aside from promoting the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy, UNCTAD has always worked to ensure that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development.
Virtual Trade Shows
If you missed WT100 at the recent TechManufactureXPO, don’t worry, you’ll get another chance to visit us at a virtual tradeshow soon.
The concept is catching on as software and online tools become more advanced. For attendees, all that’s required is an Internet connection. From there, you can visit exhibitor booths, chat with other attendees and booth representatives, fill up your briefcase with information, and even drop your business card in the virtual “fish bowl” for a chance at winning a prize.
Water Footprinting and the Future of Business
In his new book Corporate Water Strategies, Will Sarni, practice leader, Enterprise Water Strategy, for Deloitte’s Sustainability Services, bluntly states that companies can no longer rely on public water sources.
“For companies to ensure business continuity and maintain their licenses to operate, they will need to develop the capacity and capabilities to provide a reliable supply of water. In view of the increasing competition for water within a watershed, companies can no longer assume public infrastructure will provide an uninterrupted supply of water.”
Just like forward thinking companies who are developing on-site renewable energy strategies, Sarni urges companies to begin moving ‘off-grid’ to include diversification of water supplies (such as rainwater harvesting), water reuse, and cost effective treatment options. wt
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